Sexism - Wikipedia"Anti- sexism" redirects here. It is not to be confused with anti- sexualism. Arrest of a suffragette organization member in London, 1.

Suffragette organizations campaigned for women's right to vote. Sexism or gender discrimination is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. Sexism can affect either gender, but it is particularly documented as affecting women and girls.[1] It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles,[2][3] and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.[4] Extreme sexism may foster sexual harassment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence.[5]Etymology and definitions[edit]According to Fred R. Shapiro, the term "sexism" was most likely coined on November 1.

Pauline M. Leet during a "Student- Faculty Forum" at Franklin and Marshall College.[6][7] Specifically, the word sexism appears in Leet's forum contribution "Women and the Undergraduate", and she defines it by comparing it to racism, stating in part (on page 3): "When you argue .. I might call you in this case a 'sexist' .. Both the racist and the sexist are acting as if all that has happened had never happened, and both of them are making decisions and coming to conclusions about someone's value by referring to factors which are in both cases irrelevant."[6]Also according to Shapiro, the first time the term "sexism" appeared in print was in Caroline Bird's speech "On Being Born Female", which was published on November 1. Vital Speeches of the Day (p. 6).[6] In this speech she said in part: "There is recognition abroad that we are in many ways a sexist country. Showtime Full Money Monster Online Free.

Sexism is judging people by their sex when sex doesn't matter. Sexism is intended to rhyme with racism."[6]Sexism is discrimination, prejudice, or stereotyping on the basis of gender. Sexism is most often expressed toward girls and women.[1] It has been characterized as the "hatred of women" and "entrenched prejudice against women".[8]Some Darwinist conservatives, however, invoke that gender roles have a biological ground.[9] History[edit] Ancient world[edit]Sati, or self- immolation by widows, was prevalent in Hindu society until the early 1.

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The status of women in ancient Egypt depended on their fathers or husbands, but they had property rights and were allowed to attend court, including as plaintiffs.[1. Women of the Anglo- Saxon era were also commonly afforded equal status.[1. Evidence, however, is lacking to support the idea that many pre- agricultural societies afforded women a higher status than women today.[1. After the adoption of agriculture and sedentary cultures, the concept that one gender was inferior to the other was established; most often this was imposed upon women and girls.[1. Examples of sexism in the ancient world include written laws preventing women from participating in the political process; women in ancient Rome could not vote or hold political office.[1. Another example is scholarly texts that indoctrinate children in female inferiority; women in ancient China were taught the Confucian principles that a woman should obey her father in childhood, husband in marriage, and son in widowhood.[1. Witch hunts and trials[edit].

Title page of the seventh Cologne edition of the Malleus Maleficarum, 1. University of Sydney Library). The Latin title is "MALLEUS MALEFICARUM, Maleficas, & earum hæresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens". Generally translated into English as The Hammer of Witches which destroyeth Witches and their heresy as with a two- edged sword).[1.

Sexism may have been the impetus that fueled the witch trials between the 1. Curveball Full Movie there. In early modern Europe, and in the European colonies in North America, claims were made that witches were a threat to Christendom. The misogyny of that period played a role in the persecution of these women.[1. In Malleus Malificarum, the book which played a major role in the witch hunts and trials, the authors argue that women are more likely to practice witchcraft than men, and write that: All wickedness is but little to the wickedness of a woman .. What else is woman but a foe to friendship, an inescapable punishment, a necessary evil, a natural temptation, a desirable calamity, a domestic danger, a delectable detriment, an evil of nature, painted with fair colours![2.

Witchcraft remains illegal in several countries, including Saudi Arabia, where it is punishable by death. In 2. 01. 1, a woman was beheaded in that country for 'witchcraft and sorcery'.[2. Murders of women after being accused of witchcraft remain common in some parts of the world; for example, in Tanzania, about 5. When women are targeted for accusations of witchcraft and subsequent violence, it is often the case that several forms of discrimination interact - for example, discrimination based on gender with discrimination based on caste, as is the case in India and Nepal, where such crimes are relatively common.[2.

Coverture and other marriage regulations[edit]. Anti- dowry poster in Bangalore, India.

According to Amnesty International, "[T]he ongoing reality of dowry- related violence is an example of what can happen when women are treated as property".[2. Until the 2. 0th century, U. S. and English law observed the system of coverture, where "by marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law; that is the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage".[2. U. S. women were not legally defined as "persons" until 1. Minor v. Happersett, 8.

U. S. 1. 62).[2. 8] A similar legal doctrine, named marital power, existed under Roman Dutch law (and is still partially in force in present- day Swaziland). Restrictions on married women's rights were common in Western countries until a few decades ago: for instance, French married women obtained the right to work without their husband's permission in 1. West Germany women obtained this right in 1. During the Franco era, in Spain, a married woman required her husband's consent (called permiso marital) for employment, ownership of property and traveling away from home; the permiso marital was abolished in 1.

In Australia, until 1. Women in parts of the world continue to lose legal rights at marriage.

For example, Yemeni marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[3. In Iraq, the law allows husbands to legally "punish" their wives.[3. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Family Code states that the husband is the head of the household; the wife owes her obedience to her husband; a wife has to live with her husband wherever he chooses to live; and wives must have their husbands' authorization to bring a case in court or to initiate other legal proceedings.[3.

Abuses and discriminatory practices against women in marriage are often rooted in financial payments such as dowry, bride price, and dower.[3. These transactions often serve as legitimizing coercive control of the wife by her husband and in giving him authority over her; for instance Article 1. Code of Personal Status (Tunisia) states that "The husband shall not, in default of payment of the dower, force the woman to consummate the marriage",[4. Tunisia, and its image as a progressive country in the region, arguing that discrimination against women remains very strong in that country).[4. The OMCT has recognized the "independence and ability to leave an abusive husband" as crucial in stopping mistreatment of women.[4. However, in some parts of the world, once married, women have very little chance of leaving a violent husband: obtaining a divorce is very difficult in many jurisdictions because of the need to prove fault in court; while attempting a de facto separation (moving away from the marital home) is also not possible due to laws preventing this.

For instance, in Afghanistan, a wife who leaves her marital home risks being imprisoned for "running away".[4. Watch Crank: High Voltage Online Full Movie.